According to Islamic teachings, human FOETUS has a potential and respectable personality and like other human beings has some rights such as the right to live and the right of safety and health. Hence Islamic Gurisprudence in addition to anticipation of the examples of such rights, has prescribed some sanctions for the infringement to guarantee its execution.The legislator of the Islamic Republic inspired by the guidance of the jurispru dence of Islam mainly condmned the action of abortion and prescribing punishment for those who commit abortion, has protected human FOETUS. In addition to that, by virtue of articles q1, q2 and 262 of the Islamic law punishment, by postponing the punishment for the pregnant women, they have taken another step to protect human, FOETUS. Despite the fact that in the Islamic Law System and Islamic jurisprucence have long discussions and have anticipated blood money (Diya), but it has not been taken into consideration a lot. Therfore there are some ambiguities and some discussed that legislator has atlempted to protect FOETUS legally more than criminally.This article attempts to draw legislator’s attention to remove the existing ambiguities, according to Islamic jurisprudence, in the present criminal law.

The relationship between lifestyle and semen quality is of popular interest to patients and the general public. However, new findings are often accepted uncritically without reference to the biological complexities of the MALE reproductive system. Many factors influence semen quality, including: (i) the inherent sperm production capacity of the testicles; (ii) the period of time since the last ejaculation; (iii) general health; (iv) the duration and nature of pre-ejaculatory sexual stimulation; and (v) the structural and functional integrity of the MALE reproductive tract, ejaculatory ducts and accessory glands. Each of these factors will have its own bearing on ejaculate quality and any proposed lifestyle factors need to be interpreted with them in mind. This lecture will discuss two important checkpoints where lifestyle factors may have an important effect on adult semen quality. First is the pre-natal exposure of the MALE FOETUS to risk during its time in utero through maternal behaviors such as diet, the use of cosmetics and smoking that may have a detrimental effect on testicular development that in turn impact on adult testicular function. Second is the exposure of adult men to factors that affect the function of the post-pubertal testicle and risks are thought to include the effect of temperature (e.g. hot baths, tight underwear), poor diet and a number of chemical exposures either in the workplace or at home. Whilst lifestyle is an important risk factor in MALE infertility, its potential effects should be taken in context with other biological variables and known medical conditions.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with systemic complications. Children of diabetic mothers are at risk of many disorders such as major and minor vascular injuries, retinopathy, and atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal diabetes on changes in choroid plexus volume and capillaries length in 15.5 day FOETUS.Methods: in this experimental study which was conducted on 30 MALE wistar rats, animals were divided into two groups; an experimental and a control group (n=10). Streptotosin was injected (55 mg/kg) in experimental group to induce diabetes while in control group intra-peritoneal injection of buffer citrate was done for four weeks. In the last day of the fourth week, mating was done and zero day of pregnancy was determined with vaginal plug observation. On 15th day of pregnancy, rats were anatomized and a FOETUS was chosen from each mother. After foetal head fixation and tissue processing, serial horizontal sections were prepared and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Choroid plexus volume was measured by stereological techniques and the results were analysed using ANOVA statistical test.Results: Results showed a significant difference between Choroid plexus volume and capillaries length in experimental and control groups, so that Choroid plexus volume and capillaries length were increased significantly in FOETUS of diabetic mothers (P<0.05).Conclusion: It is likely that maternal hyper-glycaemia induces a kind of angiogenesis in FOETUS that can cause many brain disorders.

Tritrichomonas FOETUS is a protozoan parasite that has been traditionally identified as a cause of reproductive tract disease in cattle and may lead to Infertility and abortion. The most common and widely used method of T. FOETUS detection is direct microscopic examination. When specimens cannot be tested immediately after collection it is necessary to use transport medium or culture medium. This survey aimed to review the current status of Tritrichomonas FOETUS in Isfahan, Iran By Molecular Assay. Tritrichomonas FOETUS infection was investigated in 73 Bulls and 27 cows slaughtered in two abbattoir different. Mucus samples were obtained from the vagina and from the vagina and uterus, respectively, using a "screw-head scraper rod". Extraction of DNA from samples was carried out using a DNA extraction kit (Cinnagen, Iran), according to the manufacturer’ s instructions. All samples were analyzed by Nested PCR technique using T. FOETUS-specific primers of Genus (TFR 1– 2) and specie (TFR 3– 4). All samples were analyzed by Nested PCR technique with the two sets of primers, respectively. Amplification products of 372 bp were observeded in 6 Bulls (8. 2%) and 2 Cows (7. 4%) isolates, with the genus specific primers and in 2 bulls also T. FOETUS yielded amplification products of the expected size (347 bp) showed. Other samples were related to non-T. FOETUS organisms. Therefore, based on the results of this survey, prevalence of Tritrichomonas genus and especially Tritrichomonas FOETUS in samples confirmed serious attention to screening test in bulls.

Trichomoniosis is caused by the obligatory parasite, Tritrichomonas FOETUS in cats. This protozoan causes some gastrointestinal symptoms such as colitis, semi-formed to liquid diarrhea, and sometimes fresh bloody or mucoid feces, bloating, and bowel incontinence in the infected cats. The present study aimed to diagnose the Tritrichomonas FOETUS in cats in Ahvaz city by direct smear and culture methods in the Dorset medium. After observation of motile trichomonads, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a diagnostic technique carried out to confirm the organism. In the present study, fecal sampling was taken from 100 cats directly using swap. In wet smear, the motile flagellates that were similar in size to T. FOETUS by rolling motion’ were identified. Positive samples were cultured in the Dorset medium. A portion of the culture medium was used for extracting genomic DNA followed by nested-PCR assay with two pair primers. The molecular findings showed that 18% of the cats (positive cases) were infected with Tritrichomonas FOETUS. The cats with diarrhetic history had the most infection rate with 83/3% and 66/66%, respectively. Also, the rate of infection in cats less than one year was 14% and more than the cats of more than one year (4%) significantly. PCR assay was useful in differentiating between T. FOETUS and another trichomonad observed in fecal samples of the cats.

Bacteriophage is the phage which causes the microbial host to infect and coliphage is the bacteriophage which in fects Escherichia coli. The presence of coliphage in surface waters is the indication of fecal contamination (enteric viruses). The objective of this study was evaluation of enteric viruses recovery from farmed fish using MALE specific coliphage (MS2) as an indicator bacteriophage for enteric viruses due to stable connection to surfaces. MS2 coliphage was used to contaminate farmed Salmon fish in three concentrations (103, 105 and 108 pfu/ml) all around Mashhad city. After phage spiked, Coliphage recovery was evaluated using double agar layer technique from three different parts of Salmon fish (gills, skin flesh and interceptive) according to the best procedure (glycine- threonine- polyethylene glycol). The highest coliphage recovery in the lowest spiked concentration (103pfu/ml) was in skin-flesh of Salmon fish while interceptive of Salmon fish had the highest recovery in 105pfu/ml of spiked concentration.

Introduction: Factors affecting hatchability are mentioned as important indicators in breeder flocks’ performance, one of these elements is fertility. Roosters’ as half part of fertility have great role and aging reduces their fertility. The biologic system in live organisms such as animals is under permanent attack due to natural consequence of the body’s normal metabolic activity that produces free radicals. It has been revealed that phospholipid fraction of avian spermatozoa membranes has high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and it is the reason why the spermatozoa are susceptible to free radical attack. During evolution, to deal with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), living organisms have developed specific antioxidant protective mechanisms. Therefore, as a major factor, presence of natural antioxidants in living organisms enables their survival in an oxygen-rich environment. To maintain sperm fertilizing ability, an antioxidant defense system is a crucial point. In avian semen the antioxidant system consists of natural antioxidants together with enzymes that have antioxidant characteristics such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and selenoprotein P (SEPP1) protects sperm against free radicals and their destructive metabolites. Antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium (Se) have remarkable roles in avian reproduction. To gain gross reproductive performances in commercial poultry, supplementation of antioxidant at an optimum level is thought to be necessary. By using additives such as selenium we can help delaying this reduction through antioxidant properties of Se. Replacing inorganic Se by new types of Se sources like the nano form in poultry diet improves fertility. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of Nano-Selenium (Nano-Se) in comparison with sodium selenite on serum selenoprotein p (SEPP1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) content in broiler breeder roosters.Material and Method: In the present study, a total of thirty Arbor Acres Broiler Breeder roosters (40 weeks old) were randomly divided into five experimental groups. Each of which included 3 replicates of 2 birds. Relevant catalog recommended distribution of 160 gr of diet per rooster per day for broiler breeder MALEs. After one-week adaptation they were fed with the basal diet (T1) supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg Sodium Selenite (T2), 0.15 mg/kg nano-Se (T3), 0.3 mg/kg nano-Se (T4) and 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se (T5). The duration of feeding experiment was four weeks. At the end of adaptation week, blood samples were collected (2.5 ml) and after separating the serum, they were stored in -20°C refrigerator. Another sampling was two weeks later in the middle of experiment that again blood samples were collected and their serum were stored at -20°C. Four weeks after the treatment was done at the end of experiment, the roosters were humanely euthanized by cervical dislocation, the 3rd and last sampling was implemented at the end of experiment that as in the previous sampling was done, the blood samples were centrifuged and separated serum was stored in -20°C. Then serum concentration of the antioxidant “SEPP1” was measured by ELISA method and “GPx” was analyzed using a spectrophotometry kit.Results and discussion: The values of SEPP1 and GPx serum concentration obtained at the first time sampling showed no significant differences between all groups (P < 0.05). Serum SEPP1 concentration examination in the second sampling showed that roosters fed with both mineral and nano form of selenium supplements, had significantly higher concentrations of selenoprotein P in their serum, compared to the control group (P < 0.05) which the highest concentration was related to the treatment of 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se (T5) in their diet. Among the two groups of treatment 2 and treatment 3, which were fed 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite (T2) and 0.15 mg/kg nano-Se (T3), respectively, treatment 3 had higher concentration. The results of examining the SEPP1 serum concentration for the final time at the end of the study indicated that there is a process similar to the trend of changes in the serum concentration of selenoprotein P that was seen in the second sampling step. The only difference observed in serum concentration results of the second sampling compared to third time was that the difference between the T2 and T3 treatments was greater in the last sampling. Simultaneously with SEPP1 analysis, serum glutathione peroxidase concentration was measured in three sampling times. At the second time sampling of serum GPx concentration, evaluation of the serum concentration of glutathione peroxidase revealed that the serum concentrations of this selenoprotein in broiler breeder roosters in groups T5, T4, T3 and T2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher relative to its concentration in control group (T1). The difference between serum concentration of control group and T3 treatment was not significant (P < 0.05), also the difference in serum concentration of this selenoprotein between treatments T4 and T5 was not significant (P < 0.05). At the end of the study, after the third sampling and evaluation, the results of GPx serum concentrations revealed that all treatments showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05) and with increasing the amount of nano-Se in the diet from 0.15 mg/kg to 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se, serum concentrations of glutathione peroxidase showed an increasing trend. Based on a consideration of all experiment indexes, in this research 0.6 mg/kg is suggested to be the best level of supplementation of nano-Se, and nano-Se showed higher contents of serum SEPP1 and GPx at the same amounts of nano-Se and sodium selenite supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of nano-Se was more effective than sodium selenite on serum SEPP1 and GPx concentration of tested selenoproteins in broiler breeder MALEs.

The aim of this study was to determine histomorphometric structure of sheep fetal testis during early, mid and late gestation stage. Foeti were divided into 3 age groups according to measured crown-rump length (CRL). The observations showed that in the first group (20-50 mm CRL), sertoli cells and gonocytes were distinctly recognizable in the wall of the sex cords and leydig cells were found clearly in gonadal interstitium. In the second group (140-260 mm CRL), the tunica albuginea (TA) was developed into an outer fibrous and an inner vascular layer and the histological organization of rete testis was visible. In the third group (380-420 mm CRL), the testicular shape, size, and structure were more differentiated and the sex cords were obviously separated from each other. Micrometric findings showed that diameter of the TA and sexual diameter, and the number of leydig cells and sertoli cells increased with the growing significantly of age (P<0.05). The number of gonocytes and sex cords in each microscopic field increased comparing the first and second groups but decreased significantly in the third group (P<0.05). The biometric values between right and left testes were not statistically different (P>0.05).